高端紧固件主要集中在航空航天、高铁、风电、核电、汽车及船舶等领域，此领域多属于中国高端装备制造业。在2013年，中国智能制造、高速轨道交通、海洋工程等高端装备制造业产值占装备制造业比重已经超过10%。高端装备制造业处于价值链高端和产业链核心环节，决定着整个产业链综合竞争力的战略性新兴产业，是中国产业核心竞争力的体现，得到国家大力支持。高端紧固件市场规模将伴随着航空航天、卫星及应用、轨道交通装备、海洋工程装备、核电、风电以及汽车等行业的快速发展而持续走高，2019年，中国高端紧固件市场规模将达到590亿元。

High-end fasteners are mainly concentrated in aerospace, high-speed rail, wind power, nuclear power, automobiles and ships and other fields, which mostly belong to China's high-end equipment manufacturing industry. In 2013, the output value of China's high-end equipment manufacturing industry, such as intelligent manufacturing, high-speed rail transit, ocean engineering, accounted for more than 10% of the equipment manufacturing industry. The high-end equipment manufacturing industry is located in the high-end of the value chain and the core link of the industrial chain. It is a strategic emerging industry that determines the overall competitiveness of the entire industrial chain. It is the embodiment of the core competitiveness of China's industry and is strongly supported by the state. With the rapid development of aerospace, satellite and application, rail transit equipment, marine engineering equipment, nuclear power, wind power and automobile industries, the scale of high-end fasteners market will continue to rise. In 2019, the scale of high-end fasteners market in China will reach 59 billion yuan.

发展趋势

Developing trend

与国外先进水平相比，我国紧固件行业技术水平差距仍然较大，主要体现在生产设备和原材料上。我国大部分紧固件生产企业规模小、生产技术落后、装备差、工艺革新慢、表面处理水平较差，导致我国紧固件行业低水平产品生产能力过剩，而高档紧固件产品供不应求;另外，国内紧固件用钢的品种、规格、质量尚不能完全满足紧固件行业的要求，致使本该在冶金工业中解决的工序被转移到紧固件企业，目前仅有少数企业能够凭借自身较强的综合实力解决此问题。

Compared with the advanced level of foreign countries, the technological level gap of fastener industry in China is still large, mainly reflected in the production equipment and raw materials. The small scale, backward production technology, poor equipment, slow technological innovation and poor surface treatment level of most fastener manufacturing enterprises in China lead to excessive production capacity of low-level products in the fastener industry, while the supply of high-grade fastener products exceeds the demand. In addition, the varieties, specifications and quality of domestic steel used for fasteners can not fully meet the requirements of the fastener industry, so it should be in smelting. The process solved in the gold industry has been transferred to the fastener enterprises. At present, only a few enterprises can solve this problem with their strong comprehensive strength.

Innovative fastener technology is the support of fastener development, and the trend of technology development determines the trend of industry development to a considerable extent. The core technology of fasteners is not only to speed up the development of special steel, but also to integrate the technical details and know-how of manufacturing, testing and heat treatment of fasteners. In the future, China's fastener technology will gradually approach the advanced level of foreign countries in material selection, structural design, manufacturing technology, special technology, testing technology, surface coating technology and quality control. At the same time, the intelligent, integrated and supernormal development of production and manufacturing will also be the main trend of industry technology development.

1、智能制造是紧固件新的制造模式，是机械制造自动化、数字化、网络化和智能化发展的必然结果。随着劳动力成本的不断上升，产品质量要求的不断提高，需求多样性日益突出，紧固件业实现智能化制造的需求越来越迫切。智能制造将大大提高紧固件的生产率和效益，降低企业的劳动力成本，改善工人的作业环境和劳动强度，提高产品质量和可靠性。智能制造包括制造过程的智能化和装备的智能化。制造过程的智能化，需要开发各类智能制造系统，自动化或智能化生产线，进而建设数字化车间、数字化工厂与数字化企业。装备的智能化需要企业加大科技研发投入和技术创新，提升生产装备的产能以及生产匹配度。紧固件智能制造未来若干年重点攻克的技术难题有：自动化智能化冷镦精密成型技术，大规格紧固件的冷镦机技术和装备，复杂形状紧固件精密成型技术、自动化物流装备和自动化热处理生产线等。

1. Intelligent manufacturing is a new manufacturing mode of fasteners, which is the inevitable result of the development of automation, digitalization, networking and intellectualization of mechanical manufacturing. With the rising cost of labor, the continuous improvement of product quality requirements and the increasingly prominent diversity of demand, the demand for intelligent manufacturing of fasteners industry is becoming more and more urgent. Intelligent manufacturing will greatly improve the productivity and efficiency of fasteners, reduce the labor cost of enterprises, improve the working environment and labor intensity of workers, and improve product quality and reliability. Intelligent manufacturing includes the intellectualization of manufacturing process and equipment. Intelligent manufacturing process requires the development of various intelligent manufacturing systems, automation or intelligent production lines, and then the construction of digital workshops, digital factories and digital enterprises. Intelligent equipment requires enterprises to increase investment in R&D and technological innovation, improve the production capacity of production equipment and production matching. The key technical problems to be tackled in the next few years are: automatic intelligent cold heading precision forming technology, cold heading machine technology and equipment for large size fasteners, precision forming technology for complex shape fasteners, automatic logistics equipment and automatic heat treatment production line.

2、融合制造融合是多学科的交叉融合，多种工艺的复合，是新时期的趋势。机械制造技术与信息技术及各种高新技术的融合，机械与材料的融合，技术与文化的融合，将为紧固件发展不断注入新活力。融合技术的应用将产生新的紧固部件、制造工艺、加工设备和系统，大大丰富紧固件的产品体系，扩展产品的功能。

2. Fusion manufacturing integration is the cross-integration of multi-disciplines and the combination of multi-process, which is the trend of the new era. The integration of mechanical manufacturing technology, information technology and various high-tech, machinery and materials, technology and culture will inject new vitality into the development of fasteners. The application of fusion technology will produce new fastening parts, manufacturing processes, processing equipment and systems, greatly enrich the product system of fasteners and expand the functions of products.

此外，融合型制造中特别值得提出的是工艺复合和集成创新。工艺复合是指原有多种工艺、多种工序复合集成到一台设备上，大大减少了工序环节以及场地占用，提高工作效率，从而提高产品质量。集成创新即是将各种融合转化为科技成果、转化为生产力的创新活动，是融合型制造的重要途径，是当前紧固件技术创新的主要类型。可以预见，在不久的将来，紧固件在融合型制造方面会有众多创新成果，直接促进紧固件行业技术的快速发展。

In addition, process composition and integrated innovation are particularly worth proposing in integrated manufacturing. Process composition refers to the integration of various processes and processes into a single equipment, which greatly reduces process links and site occupancy, improves work efficiency, and thus improves product quality. Integrated innovation is an innovation activity that transforms all kinds of integration into scientific and technological achievements and productivity. It is an important way of integrated manufacturing and the main type of fastener technological innovation at present. It can be predicted that in the near future, there will be many innovative achievements in the integrated manufacturing of fasteners, which will directly promote the rapid development of fastener industry technology.

3、超常态制造随着人们生活空间的扩展，技术发展的迅猛，对紧固件的要求亦越来越高，极大、极小、超高温、超低温、超高速以及超低速等状态下使用的紧固件层出不穷，制造这些紧固件的工艺技术与普通的紧固件大不相同。超常态制造包括两方面的含义：一是制造出超常规情况下使用的紧固件产品;二是生产制造这些紧固件产品的工艺和技术。可以预见，在未来，超精密制造、超高性能产品制造和超常成形工艺将是紧固件制造水平高低的象征，也会成为高端紧固件制造商重点研究和发展的方向。

3. With the expansion of people's living space and the rapid development of technology, the requirements for fasteners are getting higher and higher. Fasteners used in extreme, minimal, ultra-high temperature, ultra-low temperature, ultra-high speed and ultra-low speed are emerging in an endless stream. The manufacturing technology of these fasteners is quite different from that of ordinary fasteners. Ultra-normal manufacturing includes two meanings: one is to produce fastener products used in ultra-normal conditions; the other is to produce the process and technology of manufacturing these fastener products. It can be predicted that in the future, ultra-precision manufacturing, ultra-high performance product manufacturing and ultra-forming technology will be the symbol of the level of fastener manufacturing, and will become the focus of research and development direction of high-end fastener manufacturers.